JLPT N4 Japanese Grammar
20 grammar points · Building blocks · a–z order
〜ているIs doing / has been — ongoing action or state→〜てあるIs (intentionally) in a state — resultant state→〜ておくDo in advance / leave as is — preparatory action→〜てしまうDo completely / accidentally do — completion or regret→〜たらIf / when — conditional→〜ば (conditional)If / when — conditional form→〜と (conditional)When / whenever — natural consequence→〜ても / 〜でもEven if / even though — concessive→〜ならIf / if it's the case that — topic conditional→〜させる (causative form)Make / let (someone do something) — causative form→〜そうです (hearsay)I hear / apparently — hearsay→〜そうです (appearance)Looks like / seems — appearance-based conjecture→〜ようです / 〜みたいですIt seems / looks like — conjectural→〜まで / 〜までにUntil / by — temporal limits→〜のに (concessive)Although / even though — contrary expectation→〜はずSupposed to / should be — expectation based on reason→〜つもりIntend to / plan to — intention→〜ことにする / 〜ことになるDecide to / it is decided that — personal vs impersonal decision→〜ために (purpose)In order to / for the sake of — purpose→〜ように (purpose / change)In order to (achieve a state) / become able to — purpose or change→