Particles 助詞
67 particles · Case · Focus · Conjunctive · Final · Adverbial · Compound
Case Particles (格助詞)
10 particlesがSubject MarkergaIdentifies the grammatical subject. Also marks the object of certain verbs (likes, dislikes, ability).n5→をObject MarkeroMarks the direct object of a transitive verb. Also used with certain movement verbs along a path.n5→にTarget / Time / LocationniA multipurpose particle for direction, time, indirect objects, existence location, purpose, and transformation.n5→でLocation of Action / MeansdeMarks where an action takes place, the means or method used, the material, cause, or total amount.n5→へDirection MarkereIndicates direction toward a destination, emphasizing the direction rather than the specific arrival point.n5→とAnd / With / QuotationtoLists nouns exhaustively, indicates accompaniment, marks quoted speech, and expresses comparison.n5→のPossession / Noun LinkernoLinks nouns together showing possession, attribution, or description. Also used for nominalization and in relative clauses.n5→からFrom (starting point)karaMarks the starting point in time, space, or origin. Combined with まで to express ranges.n5→よりThan / From (formal)yoriMarks the basis of comparison or serves as a formal alternative to から indicating origin.n5→までUntil / Up TomadeMarks the endpoint or limit in time or space. Often paired with から to express a range.n5→
Focus Particles (取り立て助詞)
13 particlesはTopic MarkerwaMarks the topic of the sentence — what is being talked about. Also used for contrast between two items.n5→もAlso / Even / ToomoIndicates 'also', 'too', or 'even'. Replaces は, が, を when adding similar items.n5→こそEmphasis / IndeedkosoAdds strong emphasis to the preceding element, meaning 'precisely', 'indeed', or 'is the very thing'.n3→さえEven / As Little AssaeIndicates 'even' for extremes or minimum conditions. 〜さえ〜ば means 'if only〜'.n2→でもEven / Or SomethingdemoIndicates 'even' for a representative example or 'or something like that' for casual suggestions.n5→しかOnly (with negative)shikaMeans 'only' but always requires a negative verb at the end of the clause. Emphatic and restrictive.n5→だけOnly / Just / As Much AsdakeIndicates limitation ('only') or extent ('as much as'). Neutral and factual compared to しか.n5→ばかりOnly / Just / Full OfbakariIndicates that something is all there is (biased quantity), just happened, or is about to happen.n4→くらいAbout / Approximately / ExtentkuraiIndicates approximate quantity ('about') or the extent of something ('to the degree that').n4→ほどExtent / Degree / The MorehodoIndicates degree or extent, often used in comparisons. More objective than くらい.n3→などEtcetera / Such AsnadoIndicates non-exhaustive listing ('etc.', 'and so on') or downplays the value of something.n4→きりOnly / Just / SincekiriIndicates 'only' with a sense of finality, or marks the last time something happened (since then, never).n2→のみOnly (formal)nomiThe formal/literary equivalent of だけ meaning 'only'. Used in official writing, announcements, and set phrases.n2→
Conjunctive Particles (接続助詞)
13 particlesてConnective / And / SoteConnects verbs and adjectives in series (〜て, 'and then'), or expresses reason/cause. The most versatile conjunctive particle.n5→ながらWhile / AlthoughnagaraIndicates two simultaneous actions ('while doing') with a single subject, or 'although' in concessive patterns.n4→つつWhile (formal) / DespitetsutsuFormal/literary version of ながら. Expresses simultaneous action or a concessive meaning with つつも.n2→しAnd / And Also / BesidesshiLists reasons or attributes, implying 'and besides'. Often used to give multiple reasons for something.n4→たりDoing Such Things AstariLists representative actions or states using 〜たり〜たりする, implying other similar things are also true.n5→ばIf / When (Conditional)baExpresses a conditional 'if/when' where the result follows naturally. The most standard conditional form.n4→たらIf / When / AftertaraA versatile conditional meaning 'if/when/after' with fewer restrictions than ば. Used for specific situations.n5→とWhen / WhenevertoA conditional particle meaning 'when/whenever' that indicates automatic, natural consequences.n4→てもEven If / AlthoughtemoA concessive conditional meaning 'even if' or 'even though'. Combines て with も.n5→のにAlthough / DespitenoniExpresses contrast: 'although', 'despite', 'even though'. Implies disappointment, surprise, or unexpectedness.n3→のでBecause / SincenodeExpresses reason or cause in a softer, more objective way than から. Often preferred in polite speech.n3→からBecause (reason)karaGives a reason or cause, with the main clause stating the result. More personal and subjective than ので.n5→ながらもEven Though / DespitenagaramA concessive form of ながら meaning 'even though' or 'despite'. More formal and literary than けど/が.n2→
Sentence-Final Particles (終助詞)
16 particlesかQuestion Marker / OrkaMarks a question at the end of a sentence. Also used between nouns to mean 'or'.n5→ねSoftener / Right? / Isn't It?neSoftens statements, seeks agreement, or confirms shared knowledge between speaker and listener.n5→よEmphasis / AssertionyoAdds emphasis or assertiveness to a statement. Presents new information or corrects the listener.n5→よねRight? (emphatic)yoneA combination of よ (emphasis) and ね (seeking agreement). Seeks confirmation with a sense of assertion.n5→なDon't! (prohibition) / EmphasisnaA sentence-ending particle used as a casual prohibition ('don't do') or as emphatic confirmation.n4→なあEmotional Emphasis / SighnaaAn emotional version of な expressing admiration, longing, regret, or thoughtful emphasis.n4→ぞEmphatic Assertion (masculine)zoStrong assertive particle used mostly by men. Can indicate determination, warning, or self-talk.n4→ぜEmphatic Suggestion (masculine)zeA masculine sentence-ending particle used to assert something or make a casual invitation.n4→わSoft Assertion (feminine)waA sentence-ending particle historically used by women to soften assertions. Usage varies by region and generation.n3→かなI Wonder / MaybekanaExpresses uncertainty, wondering, or mild questioning. Equivalent to 'I wonder' or 'maybe'.n4→かしらI Wonder (feminine)kashiraFeminine version of かな, expressing wonder, uncertainty, or a question. Traditionally used by women.n3→のCasual Question / ExplanationnoUsed at the end of sentences for casual questions (rising tone) or explanatory statements (falling tone).n4→ものかNo Way / As IfmonokaA strong negative rhetorical question meaning 'there's no way', 'as if I would', expressing strong emotion.n2→ともOf Course / CertainlytomoExpresses strong affirmation ('of course', 'certainly') or a concessive 'even if' when layered with other particles.n2→っけI Recall / Was It?kkeUsed when trying to recall information or confirming something that was forgotten. 'Was it〜?', 'I recall〜'.n3→いEmphatic (Kanto / Rough)iA rough, masculine emphasis particle used in Kanto and surrounding regions. Adds a blunt, forceful tone.n3→
Adverbial Particles (副助詞)
1 particlesCompound Particles
14 particlesによってDepending On / By / Due ToniyotteIndicates the agent in passive sentences, cause/reason, or variation depending on circumstance.n3→についてRegarding / AboutnitsuiteIndicates the topic of discussion, thought, or research — 'regarding', 'concerning', 'about'.n3→にとってFor / To (Perspective)nitotteExpresses a perspective or opinion: 'for X', 'from X's point of view', 'to X'.n3→に対してTowards / Against / PernitaishiteIndicates direction of an action, feeling, or attitude towards something. Also means 'per' in ratios.n2→に関するRegarding / Related TonikansuruIndicates a relation or connection between two things: 'regarding', 'related to', 'concerning'.n2→に基づいてBased On / According TonimotozuiteIndicates a basis, foundation, or standard that something is based on: 'based on', 'according to'.n2→を通じてThrough / ThroughoutwotsuujiteIndicates a medium, channel, period, or means: 'through', 'throughout', 'via' something.n2→としてAs / In The Capacity OftoshiteIndicates a role, capacity, or qualification: 'as', 'in the role of'.n3→に伴ってAlong With / AsnitomonatteIndicates a change that accompanies or results from another change: 'along with', 'as', 'with'.n2→に従ってAccording To / AsnishitagatteExpresses following rules/instructions ('according to') or parallel change ('as〜changes').n2→をはじめIncluding / Starting WithwohajimeIndicates a primary example followed by others of the same category: 'including', 'starting with'.n2→に加えてIn Addition TonikuwaeteExpresses addition: 'in addition to', 'along with', 'plus'. More formal than だけでなく.n2→にかわってInstead Of / On Behalf OfnikawatteIndicates substitution or representation: 'instead of', 'on behalf of', 'in place of'.n2→のもとでUnder / Under The Leadership OfnomotodeIndicates being under someone's authority, leadership, or influence, or in a certain condition.n2→